More important to Moscow's development in what became the state of Muscovy, however, was its rule by a series of princes who were ambitious, determined, and lucky. The development of the Russian state can be traced from Vladimir-Suzdal' through Muscovy to the Russian Empire. This opened the way for the expansion of the Russian empire southward and across Siberia to the Pacific.

Historians differ about when to set its beginning. Section 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit. The Grands Dukes of Muscovy eventually formed an alliance against the Mongols. More important to Moscow's development in what became the state of Muscovy, however, was its rule by a series of princes who were ambitious, determined, and lucky. Various semi-independent princes still claimed specific territories, but Ivan III forced the lesser princes to acknowledge the grand prince of Muscovy and his descendants as unquestioned rulers with control over military, judicial, and foreign affairs. Before 1500, peasants often had a fair amount of freedom. The Orthodox church remained headquartered in Kiev until 1300, when it moved to Vladimir and then moved again to Moscow in the 1327. Prince Ivan I (ruled 1325-1340) was nicknamed Ivan Kalita ("Money Bags"), for his tax collecting skills for the Mongols. In the 1440s, the Golden Horde fragmented into several khanates, including Kazan, Astrakhan and Crimea. In the fourteenth century, the grand princes of Muscovy began gathering Russian lands to increase the population and wealth under their rule. Its first important prince was Alexander Nevsky 's son Daniel (d. 1303). The new system tied them to the land. The outpost's remote, forested location offered some security from Mongol attack and occupation, and a number of rivers provided access to the Baltic and Black seas and to the Caucasus region. In the process, their interests clashed with the expanding In the 1350s, the country and the royal family were hit by the Nevertheless, Dmitri became a national hero. In 1552, Ivan the Terrible drove the last Mongol knanates out of Russia with decisive victories in Kazan and Astrakhan. Various semi-independent princes of Moscow gained full sovereignty over a significant part of the ethnically Rus' lands by 1480, when the overlordship of the Having consolidated the core of Russia under his rule, Ivan III became the first Moscow ruler to adopt the titles of The court of the Moscow princes combined ceremonies and customs inherited from Rurikid and Gediminid boyars, whose fathers and grandfathers were independent princelings, felt that they were kin to the grand prince and hence almost equal to him. By 1480, Ivan III was strong enough to refuse the payment of the customary tribute to the Great Khans. He cooperated closely with the Mongols and collected tribute from other Russian principalities on their behalf. In time they became regarded as the leaders of Russia and later still became the Russian tsars. The Orthodox church remained headquartered in Kiev until 1300, when it moved to Vladimir and then moved again to Moscow in the 1327. Duke Dimitri III Donskoi (ruled (1359-89) defeated the Mongols in a great battle at Kulikovo on the Don River in 1380 and drove them from the Moscow area. This gave credibility to the claim that Moscow (the "Third Rome") was the successor to Constantinople and that Orthodox Russia was the successor the Byzantine Empire. Ivan III (born 1440, ruled 1462-1505) is also known as Ivan the Great. Medieval Russia, 980-1584.

Eventually they grew strong enough to challenge their Mongol overlords and defeat them. It now adorns the nationalist flag. Through the defections of some princes, border skirmishes, and a long, inconclusive war with Lithuania that ended only in 1503, Ivan III was able to push westward, and Muscovy tripled in size under his rule. Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500–1700. The Mongols sent an army against him at the Ugra River southwest of Moscow but they withdrew without fighting. By assuming that title, the Muscovite prince underscored that he was a major ruler or emperor on a par with the emperor of the Byzantine Empire or the Mongol khan. He replaced the traditional patrimonial system ( The move was mainly political: to keep the princes from acting too independently and rebelling and causing trouble. The Mongoleader Batu Khan made him the Grand Prince of Russia. He was the first Russian leader to be recognized as Grand Prince by the Mongols. An Orthodox monk had claimed that, once Constantinople had fallen to the Ottoman Empire in 1453, the Muscovite tsar was the only legitimate Orthodox ruler and that Moscow was the Third Rome because it was the final successor to Rome and Constantinople, the centers of Christianity in earlier periods.

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