Early estimates of the excess mortality associated with the 2008-9 influenza season in Portugal. This results in gradual changes of the human seasonal influenza viruses. A standardised approach for the reporting of such inflight outbreak investigations would help to provide more convincing evidence for such inflight transmission events.To send this article to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Microbiology and laboratory reports; External quality assessments, Influenza virus characterisations. The study indicates that influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 may mainly be transmitted via the airborne route during air travel. Moreover, an EU target was set by the Health Council of all Health Ministers of 75% vaccination coverage by 2014/15 in the older age groups, and if possible extended to people with chronic conditions. This most commonly manifests itself in pneumonia, and at times even death. 2009 May 7;14(18).Zucs P, Buchholz U, Haas W, Uphoff H. Influenza-associated excess mortality in Germany, 1985-2001.
It is caused by influenza virus and is easily transmitted, predominantly via the droplet and contact routes and by indirect spread from respiratory secretions on hands, tissues, etc. Influenza vaccine is not licensed for children less than 6 months old.Pre-exposure prophylaxis with influenza antivirals can be prescribed for longer or shorter time periods when an exposure is expected, for example in healthcare settings.Post-exposure prophylaxis with influenza antivirals, for example for an at-risk unvaccinated person, is dependent on timely prescription given that the incubation period is 1-4 days. Additionally, aerosol transmission plays a part in influenza virus transmission.
Despite the often short duration of illness, the yearly economic and healthcare burden of influenza is substantial.In the northern hemisphere, including Europe, seasonal influenza generally occurs in epidemics between November and April each year, and in the southern hemisphere between June and October. Influenza surveillance is carried out worldwide, including in the EU.A number of other viruses and bacteria cause similar symptoms so that much of influenza-like illness (ILI) is not actually caused by influenza. Equally, cross-immunity following infection or vaccination against an influenza strain does not protect completely against subsequent variants of the same type or subtype. It may e.g. It is considered important that patients monitor themselves to detect if their condition deteriorates and they require medical intervention.Although vaccination is the preferred option for preventing influenza, antivirals can be useful when the vaccine fails or is unavailable, for example, due to: antigenic mismatch with circulating virus, waning immunity in elderly, patient being immunocompromised, the vaccine not yet available, or during an outbreak of an emerging influenza strain or pandemic.Neuraminidase inhibitors, oral oseltamivir and inhaled zanamivir, are useful for treatment and prophylactic use. Euro Surveill. It is caused by influenza virus and is easily transmitted, predominantly via the droplet and contact routes and by indirect spread from respiratory secretions on hands, tissues, etc. Treatment focuses on reducing fever and relieving the symptoms. Pandemics are the result of larger genetic changes called antigenic shift. On average an infectious person will infect less than two non-immune people.
Nicoll A, Ciancio BC, Lopez Chavarrias V, Mølbak K, Pebody R, Pedzinski B, et al. These usually affect most of the countries for one to two months and last in Europe for about four months overall (Paget et al., 2007). The complications can potentially occur in anyone, but hospitalisations are more common in older persons (≥65 years of age, 309/100,000 person-years) (Zhou, 2012) and in the youngest children (<1 year of age, 151/100,000 person-years) (Zhou, 2012).The elderly on average have a greater risk of developing severe complications, such as pneumonia. The risk ratios for passengers seated within and beyond the two rows of the index cases were 1.7 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.98–2.84) for syndromic secondary cases and 4.3 (95% CI 1.25–14.54) for laboratory-confirmed secondary cases.
Sore throat and runny nose may last longer. Kong, Qingxin Chen, Junfang individual factors, type of exposure, and risk associated with the exposure.Cowling B, Chan K-H, Fang VJ, Cheun CYK, Fung ROP, Wai W. et al. During the 2009–2010 and … 2012; 17(18):pii: 20162.Nogueira PJ, Nunes B, Machado A, Rodrigues E, Gomez V, Sousa L, et al. * Views captured on Cambridge Core between
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