There is now good evidence (Hessling and Westheide, 2002; McHugh, 1997) that the former group falls within Annelida. J. Zool. 4). Undoubted annelid fossils, such as Until relatively recently the most commonly used system to divide polychaetes was as 'Errantia' and 'Sedentaria'.

Zool.

It includes major groups such as Phyllodocida and Eunicida, which tend to be mobile forms with well developed eyes and parapodia for rapid locomotion.

Ultrastructure of larval and adult setae of Brachiopoda. The phylogenetic position of the Clitellata and the Echiura - on the problematic assessment of absent characters. This suggests that the form of segmentation seen in annelids may in fact represent an apomorphy. Nature 387:489-493.Bartolomaeus, T. 1995. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Purschke, G., R. Hessling, and W. Westheide. There is a distinct possibility therefore that chaetae represent an apomorphy for Annelida.The most recent comprehensive systematization of polychaetes, that proposed by Rouse and Fauchald (1997) from their cladistic parsimony analyses, has been used here (Fig. These axons are capable of very rapid conduction of impulses to the segmental muscles; their main function is to permit the Studies of the nervous systems of annelids show certain behavioral capabilities, including Elementary forms of learning and memory have been studied at a cellular level by analysis of the neuronal activity of the marine snail (These two examples—habituation and sensitization—show that important features of a more complex nervous systems can be studied in organisms at lower stages of evolution. Apart from annelids, chaetae are found in Echiura and Brachiopoda. 1994. This ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups, which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right.You can click on the root to travel down the Tree of Life all the way to the root of all Life, and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the Tree of Life all the way to individual species.For more information on ToL tree formatting, please see Figure 1: Summary of phylogenetic hypothesis in Rouse and Pleijel (2001). Phyl. 3).

Academic Press, London.Lamarck, J.-B.

An exception is Brown et al. Zoomorph.

J. Morph. Each ToL branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of

J. Nat.

The embryology of the echiuroid worm Urechis caupo.

d'ouverture, 27 Floréal (Reprinted in 1907 in Bulletin biologique de la France et de la Belgique 60:56).Lüter, C. 2000a.

Can. Cladistics and polychaetes. Palpata comprises the vast majority of polychaetes and is divided into Aciculata and Canalipalpata. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.

Through most of the 20th century Annelida was split into three major groups; Polychaeta, Oligochaeta (earthworms etc.) Zoomorph. body in fact represents a series of fused segments (see Hessling and Westheide 2002).A distinctive feature of annelids are structures called chaetae (Fig. The old consensus linked annelids and arthropods (Articulata); in contrast, molecular trees show that these phyla are found on opposite sides of the most basic division of Protostomia, arthropods are members of the Ecdysozoa alongside nematodes and priapulids, while annelids are in the Lophotrochozoa with molluscs and others .

The basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree. The diversity of oxygen transport proteins has been underestimated across metazoans.

London Ser.

Segmented worms: bristleworms, ragworms, earthworms, leeches and their allies. They are produced by a microvillar border of certain invaginated epidermal cells and so can be defined as cuticular structures that develop within epidermal follicles.

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta.

Are Echiura derived from a segmented ancestor?

Nervous system - Nervous system - Annelids: The brain of most annelids (phylum Annelida; segmented worms, including the leeches and terrestrial earthworms) is relatively simple in structure.

J. Zool. Structures such as the excretory, locomotory and respiratory organs are generally repeated in each segment.

16:1-219.Nielsen, C. 1995. The earthworm brain is a bilobed mass lying above the pharynx in the third body segment.

Sci.

78:1873-1884.Newby, W. W. 1940. Royal Soc.

Geoffrey B.

26:71-138.Hessling, R., and W. Westheide.

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