Improved influenza countermeasures require basic research on how viruses enter cells, replicate, mutate, evolve into new strains and induce an immune response. JAMA. Vaccines and autism: a tale of shifting hypotheses. J Infect Dis. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2011;37(ACS-7):1-77Block SL, Falloon J, Hirschfield JA, Krilov LR, Dubovsky F, Yi T, Belshe RB. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. But when experts touched down in Beijing this year, their goal — to recommend a vaccine formula for the Northern Hemisphere's 2019-2020 flu season — hit a roadblock. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2008;8(2):332-7Manuel O, Humar A, Chen MH, Chernenko S, Singer LG, Cobos I, Kumar D. Immunogenicity and safety of an intradermal boosting strategy for vaccination against influenza in lung transplant recipients. Immunogenicity and safety of a quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine in children. LAIV3 is no longer available in Canada.Both trivalent and quadrivalent IIV-SD (IIV3-SD and IIV4-SD) are available for use in Canada for the 2019–2020 influenza season.A study focusing on estimates of deaths associated with influenza in the United States of America has established that the average annual rate of influenza-associated deaths for adults aged 65 years of age and older was 17.0 deaths per 100,000 (range: When influenza-related deaths were estimated using underlying respiratory and circulatory causes, these estimates increased to 66.1 deaths per 100,000 (range: 8.0–121.1) and 89.4%, respectively. 2010(2):CD004876Govaert TM, Thijs CT, Masurel N, Sprenger MJ, Dinant GJ, Knottnerus JA. IIV3-Adj tends to produce more extensive injection site reactions than unadjuvanted IIV3, but these reactions are also generally mild and resolve spontaneously within a few days. Available from: Simonsen L, Fukuda K, Schonberger LB, Cox NJ. However, children 6 months to less than 9 years of age who have not previously received the seasonal influenza vaccine require 2 doses of influenza vaccine, with a minimum of 4 weeks between doses (see Serologic testing is not necessary before or after receiving seasonal influenza vaccine.Influenza vaccine should be stored at +2°C to +8°C and should not be frozen. Vaccine. Effects of influenza vaccination of health-care workers on mortality of elderly people in long-term care: a randomised controlled trial.
Types of flu vaccines for children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Lancet. The immune response to the B strain found only in the quadrivalent formulation was better in children who received the quadrivalent vaccineThe most common adverse events experienced by recipients of LAIV3 are nasal congestion and runny nose, which are also reported for LAIV4. Available from: Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 2017. (i.e., individuals wishing to protect themselves from influenza or vaccine providers wishing to advise individual patients about preventing influenza)Influenza vaccine is less immunogenic in infants less than 6 months of age than in older children and adults and does not confer sufficient protection to make it useful before 6 months of (i.e., provinces/territories making decisions for publicly funded immunization programs)The national goal of the annual influenza immunization programs in Canada is to prevent serious illness caused by influenza and its complications, including death. 2001;184(2):188-91Ljungman P, Nahi H, Linde A. Vaccination of patients with haematological malignancies with one or two doses of influenza vaccine: a randomised study. If a quadrivalent vaccine is not available, a trivalent vaccine should be used.NACI recommends that LAIV may be given to children with stable, non-severe asthma and children with cystic fibrosis who are not treated with immunosuppressive drugs, such as prolonged systemic corticosteroids.IIV (IIV3-SD and IIV4-SD) and LAIV (LAIV4) are authorized for use in Canada for children 2–17 years of age. 2014;32(46):6146-56Vaarala O, Vuorela A, Partinen M, Baumann M, Freitag TL, Meri S, Saavalainen P, Jauhiainen M, Soliymani R, Kirjavainen T, Olsen P. Antigenic differences between AS03 adjuvanted influenza A (H1N1) pandemic vaccines: implications for Pandemrix-associated narcolepsy risk. J Infect Dis. Refer to NACI acknowledges that evidence related to influenza vaccine performance, particularly with respect to vaccine efficacy and effectiveness, is constantly evolving with advances in research methodology and accumulation of data over many influenza seasons. The virus strains in LAIV are cold-adapted and temperature sensitive, so they replicate in the nasal mucosa rather than the lower respiratory tract, and they are attenuated, so they do not produce ILI. Effectiveness of an influenza vaccine programme for care home staff to prevent death, morbidity, and health service use among residents: cluster randomised controlled trial. Links to other published NACI documents containing the additional content removed from the statement have been added.With the availability of many different influenza vaccines in Canada, the abbreviations used in this document have been updated to describe the defining features of the various types of influenza vaccines better. 2014. Deaths related to 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) among American Indian/Alaska Natives - 12 states, 2009.
A higher risk of hospitalization and death was also reported by Cromer et al. J Am Med Dir Assoc. Programmatic decisions to provide influenza vaccination to target populations as part of publicly funded provincial and territorial programs depend on many factors, such as cost-effectiveness evaluation and other programmatic and operational factors.The risk of influenza-related hospitalization increases with length of gestation (i.e., it is higher in the third trimester than in the second).Benefits and risks of influenza vaccination, as well as the risks of not being immunized, should be discussed prior to vaccination.A variety of influenza vaccines are available for use in Canada, some of which are authorized for use only in specific age groups.


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